Protein Lipoxidation: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles

Antioxidants: basic principles, emerging concepts, and problems.

The radical scavenging antioxidants play an essential role in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases, and a thorough understanding of the action and capacity of antioxidants is critically important. Despite the assumption that antioxidants must exert beneficial effects against oxidative stress, many large-scale randomized controlled trials gave inconsistent and disappointing resul...

Standard setting in medical education: fundamental concepts and emerging challenges

  The process of determining the minimum pass level to separate the competent students from those who do not perform well enough is called standard setting. A large number of methods are widely used to set cut-scores for both written and clinical examinations. There are some challenging issues pertaining to any standard setting procedure. Ignoring these concerns would result in a large dispute ...

Protein lipoxidation: Detection strategies and challenges

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid metabolism can give rise to reactive species that may covalently modify cellular or plasma proteins through a process known as lipoxidation. Under basal conditions, protein lipoxidation can contribute to normal cell homeostasis and participate in signaling or adaptive mechanisms, as exemplified by lipoxidation of Ras proteins or of the cytoskeletal protein vime...

The proteasome: from basic mechanisms to emerging roles.

The proteasome is a sophisticated, 2.5-MDa, multisubunit complex that contains a catalytic core particle (CP) and two terminal regulatory particles (RPs); the RPs associate with the termini of the central CP at opposite orientations. The CP consists of four axially stacked heptameric rings (two outer α-rings and two inner β-rings), which are made up of seven structurally related, but not identi...

Basic concepts and overview